Cases2212766/2023

Claimant v Apple (UK) Limited

17 August 2024Before Employment Judge WebsterLondon Centralremote video

Outcome

Claimant fails

Individual claims

Direct Discrimination(sex)failed

The tribunal found that although the claimant was treated less favourably than male comparator Loic Gramaglia (who was allowed to perform a London-based role from Paris), the respondent provided a non-discriminatory explanation: the relative sizes of the business in France versus Spain. The tribunal accepted this was the genuine reason, not the claimant's sex.

Indirect Discrimination(sex)failed

The tribunal found the PCP (requiring London-based employees to attend the London office and not work fully remotely overseas) did put women at a disadvantage due to childcare responsibilities. The claimant established this disadvantage. However, the tribunal found the respondent's aims (minimising tax risk and meeting operational requirements) were legitimate and the PCP was a proportionate means of achieving the tax aim, though they had doubts about the operational requirement justification.

Constructive Dismissalfailed

The tribunal found no fundamental breach of the implied term of trust and confidence. The absence review meetings after 10 months were reasonable in context, particularly given the claimant had initially requested no direct contact. The tribunal found the claimant resigned because she was told the role remained London-based and she was unwilling to return to London, not because of any breach of contract.

Wrongful Dismissalwithdrawn

The claim for wrongful dismissal was dismissed upon withdrawal by the claimant.

Otherfailed

Claims under s80G and 80I ERA 1996 and Regulation 4 of the Flexible Working Regulations 2014 were not upheld. The tribunal had to determine whether the claimant made a valid statutory flexible working request and whether it was handled reasonably. The claims failed, though the detailed reasoning is not fully extracted in the provided text.

Facts

The claimant was employed as EMEA Platform Publisher Video Lead, a London-based role. In August 2022, her husband was offered a promotion in Spain. She requested to work fully remotely from Spain to keep the family together. The respondent refused, citing tax risks from cross-border working and operational requirements. A male comparator, Loic Gramaglia, was allowed to perform a London role from Paris due to France's larger market. The claimant went on sick leave from December 2022. After 10 months with minimal contact, the respondent held absence review meetings in September-October 2023. The claimant resigned on 20 October 2023.

Decision

The tribunal dismissed all claims. On direct sex discrimination, although less favourable treatment was established compared to a male comparator, the respondent proved the reason was the relative market size of Spain versus France, not sex. On indirect discrimination, the claimant established group disadvantage but the respondent justified the PCP on tax grounds. On constructive dismissal, no fundamental breach was found as the absence review meetings were reasonable in context and the claimant resigned because she was unwilling to return to London, not due to any breach.

Practical note

Employers can rely on legitimate business reasons (such as tax risk mitigation linked to market size) to refuse international relocation requests, even where this results in less favourable treatment compared to others, provided the reason is genuine and not a pretext for discrimination based on a protected characteristic.

Legal authorities cited

Nagarajan v London Regional Transport [2000] 1 AC 501Igen Ltd v Wong 2005 ICR 931Madarassy v Nomura International plc 2007 ICR 867Western Excavating (ECC) Ltd v Sharp 1978 ICR 221Malik v BCCI 1997 ICR 606Bournemouth University v Buckland 2010 ICR 908Essop v Home Office 2017 UKSC 27Dobson v North Cumbria Integrated Care NHS Foundation Trust 2021 ICR 1699Stockton on Tees Borough Council v Aylott 2010 ICR 1278O'Neill v Governors of St Thomas More School 1997 ICR 33

Statutes

Employment Rights Act 1996 s80GFlexible Working Regulations 2014 Reg 4Equality Act 2010 s13Equality Act 2010 s19Equality Act 2010 s136Employment Rights Act 1996 s95Employment Rights Act 1996 s98Employment Rights Act 1996 s80F

Case details

Case number
2212766/2023
Decision date
17 August 2024
Hearing type
full merits
Hearing days
5
Classification
contested

Respondent

Sector
technology
Represented
Yes
Rep type
barrister

Employment details

Role
EMEA Platform Publisher Video Lead
Service
2 years

Claimant representation

Represented
Yes
Rep type
barrister